How Beneficial an Online Education Can Be for You

An online education is a wonderful opportunity. You have the flexibility of taking a course on your own time. The flexibility of an online education allows you to be able to attend classes no matter your work schedule, or home schedule. Anywhere you have access to the lucre you can take classes. With recent computer mobility in the practice of netbooks and the iPad, the opportunity to receive an education is endless.Learning online enables you to become Internet and computer savvy, two skills that are demand in the ever-changing world of technology. You have access to course material round the clock. In a virtual schoolroom setting, you are able to go over lectures, lessons and other dicussions multiple times. You can learn at your own pace and do not have to worry about missing a class because of illness or other personal reasons.Participating in an online lesson discussion is not as daunting as in a regular classroom setting. Students remain pretty much anonymous are not judge d by age, race or gender. Many people feel intimidated to participate in a regular classroom for fear of being judged or not having time to catch up to what is being taught. On the Internet, students have a recover to give thought to a question before answering and submitting their comments. The virtual classroom makes it easier for students to approach their instructor.They feel it is easier to speak with their instructor through online chats and email this form of communication boosts student and instructor interaction. Everybody wins in this type of environment. Students that need flexibility because they have to work or have to care for children or other members of their family, the opportunity to earn a degree virtually is invaluable. With all the benefits of an online education, it is no wonder there is an ever-increasing number of students are turning towards an education online.

Hemingway’s Writing Style Essay

From almost the beginning of his writing career, Hemingways distinctive style occasioned a great deal of comment and controversy. Basically, his style is simple, direct, and unadorned, belike as a result of his pinnaly newspaper training. He avoids the adjective whenever possible, but because he is a master at transmitting emotion without the ornate prose of his Victorian novelist predecessors, the effect is far more telling. In Observations on the Style of Ernest Hemingway, from Contexts of Criticism by Harry Levin (Harvard University Press, 1957), the critic says Hemingway puts his emphasis on nouns because, among other move of speech, they come c leave outst to things. Stringing them along by means of conjunctions, he approximates the actual flow of experience.Hemingway has often been described as a master of dialog, and most readers agree, upon creation first introduced to his writing, that this is the way these characters would really talk. It is interesting to note, however , that Hemingways one attempt at playwriting was a failure. Actually, a close examination of his dialog pull up stakes produce that this is rarely the way people really speak. The effect is accomplished, rather, by the calculated emphasis and repetition which makes us remember what has been said.Since the critics cannot entirely agree on Hemingways style, perhaps the best way is to put it into the authors own words. Shortly before his tragic death, Hemingway gave to the Wisdom Foundation in California a collection of his observations on life and art, love and death. They were published in the January 1963, issue of Playboy magazine, and in them Hemingway said of his writingI do most of my go away in my head. I never begin to write until my ideas are in order. Frequently I recite passages of dialogue as it is being written the ear is a good censor. I never set down a sentence on paper until I have it so expressed that it will be clear to anyone.Yet, I sometimes think that my style is suggestive rather than direct. The reader must often use his imagination or lose the most subtle part of my thoughts.I take great pains with my work, pruning and revising with a tireless hand. I have the welfare of my creations genuinely much at heart. I cut them with infinite care, and burnish them until they become brilliants. What many another writer would be content to leave in long proportions, I polish into a tiny gem.Hemingway goes on at some length, but the essence of what he says may be in this paragraphA writers style should be direct and personal, his imagery rich and earthy, and his words simple and vigorous. The greatest writers have the gift of brilliant brevity, are expectant workers, diligent scholars and competent stylists.To explain Hemingways style adequately in a few paragraphs is impossible. Scores of articles, and even some books, have been written on the subject, and it is to these that the serious student should go for additional, more detailed informa tion.

Development of a Communications Plan for a Corporate Website Launch

AWARDS CEREMONY FOR MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT AND PROVINCIAL LEGISLATORS AT UNISA on 18 November 2011 GOVERNANCE AND LEADERSHIP PROGRAMME engage COMMUNICATIONS PLAN Background An awards ceremony will be held on 18 November 2011 in Pretoria for 158 Members of Parliament and Provincial Legislatures who have completed the cheek and Leadership Programme. The programme is offered under the auspices of the University of South Africa (UNISA). A total of 293 MPs and MPLs registered for the programme initially but some could not complete their studies on time.The Programme is supported by the South African Legislative Sector, under the guidance of the Speakers Forum and Public Administration Leadership Academy, PALAMA. Communication Objectives Parliament considers the quality of public representatives to be central in exercising its role as the supreme law-making body in the country. As such, Members of Parliament and Provincial Legislatures need to don the requisite skills and competencies t hat will enable them to approach their work more(prenominal) judiciously and to participate more effectively in Parliamentary processes of law-making, oversight and public participation. rate audience Members of Parliament Members of Provincial Legislatures Speakers Forum SALSA General Public Key Messages The Capacity Building Development Programme enhances Members ability to execute their constitutional responsibilities more effectively Members are able to analyse policy, legislation, strategy more effectively The role of Parliament and Provincial legislatures is considerably enhanced in the public land The South African public gains confidence in the ability of MPs and MPLs to execute their public duties in a responsible manner COMMUNICATION TOOLS sexual Newsletters (Parliament, Legislatures and PALAMA) (Responsibility Michael Ralo, Gerbrecht van Heerden, PALAMA and provinces) Intranet and website (Parliament, Legislatures and PALAMA) (Responsibility Michael Ralo, Gerbrech t van Heerden, PALAMA and provinces) External Media statement (Radio, TV and print) Action Media statement drafted, waiting for approval Action TV, radio and print interviews to be arranged from 14-18 November 2011 Speakers plan for interview include the following Members of the Reference Group on TrainingDeputy Speaker National Assembly, Ms NC Mfeketo Deputy Speaker Free area Legislature, Ms MA Tsopo Speaker Limpopo Legislature, Mr KA Phala Deputy Speaker Eastern Cape Legislature, Ms N Moerane-Mamase Deputy Speaker KwaZulu-Natal Legislature, Mr M Mthimkulu PRINT MEDIA The Star Citizen Beeld Sowetan effortless times City Press Sunday Times Sunday World RADIO & TV Jacaranda Kaya FM yfm SABC Radio NewsMetro FM Thobela Motswedi Ukhozi Umhlobo Wenene Mohlodi Ligwalagwala SABC TV News Radio 2000 Radio 702 (Responsibility Michael Ralo, Abe Mokoka Gauteng Legislature, Sanelisiwe Mbhele PALAMA and provinces) Event (Graduation ceremony and gala dinner and photography) (Responsibility Msimelelo Nyikana, Millie Daweti and Task Team) Sector-wide publications (Responsibility Michael Ralo, Parliament) Sector Annual Report (Responsibility LSS)

Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination Essay

We every decry prejudice, yet are all prejudiced. Herbert Spencer. One of the greatest problem that our creative activity faces is prejudice, we diversity and sort those that we find not to be the alike(p) as us or even slightly different. In some formula or an otherwise we all have experience some form of pigeonhole or discrimination. It has an effect on the way we think and act. Here we purify to understand the reason for prejudice, why we stereotypes and discrimination that has continue to affect out world. What is prejudice?Prejudice is the act of judging an individual(a) of a certain group based on perceived notions about that set abouticular group. Prejudice is linked to discrimination unless prejudice is an attitude whereas discrimination is the action associated with that attitude. (Prejudice 2001). Many times we dislike something or someone just because they look or act differently from us. A group that you are a part of is called your in-group. Ingroups expone nt include gender, race, or city or state of residence, as head as groups you might intentionally join, like Kiwanis or a bowling league.A group that you do not secern with is called your outgroup. ( Feenstra, 2013) everyone belongs to a certain group and we all know who is in our group and those that do not stop in our groups. Most time adult do not realize when they somehow out a person from in that location groups, but some do it intentionally. When we out a person from our group we authentically do not take the time to get to know or find out who they are, but we work to pass judgment on them anyways. Stereotypes are beliefs about the characteristics of particular groups or members of those groups.( Feenstra, 2013) people tend to place into categories things and people, gathering them together without learn who or what they are. For example that everyone that speaks Spanish is Mexican, when in reality there is a total of 21 Spanish country and they do not all speak the sa me Spanish. When we stereotype people into groups, we form opinion about them without getting to know there person, this sometime do prejudice and discrimination against them.They not only reflect beliefs about the traits that characterize the typical member of a group but also contain information about other qualities, such as neighborly roles, the degree to which members of the group share a quality, and emotional reactions. Stereotypes imply a substantial amount of other information about a person besides what is immediately apparent and generate expectations about individual group members beyond the current situation ).One important time frame in the world would be the holocaust were the Jewish people were separated from other people because they were believed to be lower than the German and the cause of their problem lead them to torture and abuse the Jewish people as well as kill thousands of Jewish men woman and children. The people that suffer the most from prejudice and a ny form of discrimination are woman and children especially those living in third world country were at time it is the root of wars. I have been lucky not have been affected by any form of prejudice or discrimination.But as a teen in high indoctrinate there was always that one person that felt like stereotyping a few people to try to hurt them. Only thru education can we combat any form of stereotypes, discrimination and Prejudice. In endpoint stereotypes, discrimination and Prejudice has influence the way people think and act. It has been the cause of suffering to those effected, as well as the cause of war and separation. Prejudice is a form of ignorance it is a overlook of knowledge, a lack of understanding toward others. Thru education and tolerances we can learn to accept other no matter where they.

Nature and Causes of Police Corruption Essay

Chapter-One1.1. interpolation and background of the ingest jurisprudence force putridness is a material body of patrol misconduct in which fair play en imbibement ships officeholders seek individualal gain, such as funds or vocation advancement, through the abuse of power, for example by accepting bribes in exchange for non pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or nurse. constabulary officers in Bangladesh, almost with step up exception, be corrupt and will do just now as lots to earn around m unitaryy as any other poor Bengali. echo that umteen natural constabulary officers choose this occupation, be fetch it puts them in a position where they can squeeze some cash discover of their fel upset sur vista areamen.Although study and looked, the topic of law subversive activity, in large part, remains a mystery. Sir Robert dismantle was credited with the concept that the patrol depend on citizen cooperation in providing renovations in a wreakative association. As such, the detrimental aspects of guard misconduct can non be over verbalise. In terms of public trust for law enforcement, recent polls fate that only 56 part of large benignant action treadd the natural law as having a high or actually high ethical standard as compared with 84 portion for nurses. over the past some decades, great strides maintain birth occurred in the law enforcement profession.To begin with, many law of nature agencies keep up avoided hiring candidates who aim low ethical standards and afford identified those onboard employees early in their careers who might compromise the divisions integrity. In addition, query has discovered innovative methods of testing candidates for their psychological propensity to act ethically. However, wrong conduct by the nations law of nature officers continues to occur in departments large and wee. search into natural law turpitude offers some understanding of the phenomen on in the hope of rooting bulge this behavior that serves to undermine the boilers suit legitimacy of law enforcement.Theories on the role of society in law enforcement, the negative influence of an officers department, and a persons own natural tendency to engage in unethical behavior arrive been offered as translations of guard decadence. In Bangladesh most of the people is peace loving exclusively they cant live in peace be take a leak of rot in every major department here. People are facing so many troubles in their everyday life by constabulary depravation when they go to them or they are drive offedby guard. guard are using several shipway to corrupt people. People are also identifying the pees and reacting as they influenced by the natural law personnel. It is called that legal philosophy force of our country is one of the most tainted department of our government. In this look into paper the present corruption character of our legal philosophy and how peo ple react almost them, the causes of practice of law corruption are mainly observed.Any discussion on law will be incomplete without a record close to the origin and development of this institution. Originally, the word law of nature was used in a wider sense to con none the management of internal economy and the enforcement of political rule in a particular country. With the passage of time, the term jurisprudence began to use in a much narrower sense to con none an agency of the State to maintain law and narrate and enforce the regulation of the code of Criminal Procedure.In the present context of Bangladesh, the term jurisprudence connotes a body of well-bred servants whose primary duties preservation of magnitude, prevention and detention of horrors and enforcement of law. As pointed out by Ernest Fround, constabulary functions oecumenicly mention to promoting public welfare by restraining and regulating the use of bang-upty and liberty of persons.Police forc e has been in existence in this country in one represent or another from the very ancient time. The Mughal rulers in India also had a well organized constabulary force for maintaining law and order in society. The patrol constitution during the Mughal period undoubtedly suited to the needs of a simple homogenous agricultural community, neverthe slight it could not withstand the strains of political disorder and, therefore, with the decline of Mughal Empire, the system of law administration also collapsed.The British Government in India retained the system of policing prevailing in each province with modification. harmonise to the regulation of 1816, village headmen were made ex officio heads of constabulary also. They apprehend offender and forwarded them to District authorities. The Police citizens committee of 1860 recommended continuance of the prevailing system of rural policing with minor changes. The Police Act 1861, was enacted to reorganize the practice of law a nd to appoint it more effective instrument for the prevention anddetention of crime as laid down in the preamble of the Act.The Government of Lord Curzon appointed another Commission called the Police Commission of 1902 to suggest measures for restore in police concur outing. Surprisingly, the Commission instead of suggesting any measures for reform in the existing rural police highly commended the prevailing round-up. Though our country is now independent, it conveys the rules of Police Act 1861.1.2. Statement of the riddle of the studyIn Bangladesh illegal police surveillance has greatly shaped the police depiction and use of riotous force, rape and killing custody and other questionable practices raised serious questions to the highest degree the legitimacy of the police. In our country, a police officer makes a prayer for prorogue stating that the accused is involved in a cognizable offence and for the purpose of interrogation remand is necessary.In sub section(2) of s ection 167 though it is not mentioned that remand can be allowed for the purpose of interrogation, at present, the practice is that an accused is taken on remand only for the purpose of interrogation or for extorting information from the accused through interrogation.There is no proper guideline as to when such prayer should be accepted and when rejected by the magistrate and this legal space gives both the police officers and magistrates power to abuse the same. Police officers creation motivated or dictated by the executive organ or out of their individualised contest or aggrandizement seek unwarranted remand under section 167 of the Code.Thus police get the easy opportunity for torturing people through remand. Article 35(4) of the constitution advances that no person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. So the provisions of the Cr. P.C. under section 167 are in direct contrast with the provisions of the constitution. This Cr. P.C. was passed by the British gov ernment back in 1898 when there is no fundamental rights as we founder now in our constitution.The Indian National Police Commission of 1977 which made meaningful effort to reform the police system had the following to say on the control element The crux of police reform in our country today is to secure professional independence for the police to function truly and efficiently as an fair agent of the law of the land and at the same time to enable the government to oversee police performance to ensure its conformity to law. But Bangladesh does not take any effort to reform her police department.The major problem for the police in our country is the lack of public confidence in police activities. It has been argued that public confidence in police is integral to social order, sparing development and sound economic processes. Citizens view the quality of police service as an indicator of the quality of the government. Police who are dishonest create fear and anxiety.1.3. Objectives of the studyThis look into is mainly built for academic purpose. Its aim is to see what the science of people about police corruption is. How they react to it and what footings they identified for police corruption in Bangladesh.Specifically, the objectives of this research are as belowI. To see the reputation of contemporary police corruption in Bangladesh. II. To unwrap out the causes of police corruption.III. To see the patterns of police corruption.1.4. Importance of the studyRecently most police research was carried out by academics in a variety of disciplines, including Sociology, Law, Psychology and Economics. Criminology and Police Science (CPS) is a new and unique concept in Bangladesh. It is very essential to conduct an academic research on the nature and causes of police corruption from this department.The study of the nature and causes of police corruption in Bangladesh is grand for the following reasons primary off the police are a citizens first link with the criminal justice. Find out the nature of police corruption is very much grave to know about current police corruption. second it is very important for taking stapes to remove police corruption of Bangladesh.Thirdly it is veryimportant for increasing public awareness about police activities and also for becoming responsible of police about their activities. Fourthly it will help the government to take the necessary measures for preventing police corruption in Bangladesh.Research questions of the studyI. What is the nature of contemporary police corruption?II. What are the causes of police corruption?III. What should we do to subdue Police corruption?Chapter-Two2.1. Review of the literature of the StudyPitts, (1999)In a CSCE News Release from Uzbekistan, Pitts stated No democratic state can ever justify what reliable reports tell us about continuing torture, extorted confessions, or the planting the false order. Even in circumstances where a genuine threat exists to the well being of the state, rule of law and due process norms must(prenominal) be followed in order to insure that human rights are protected.Sutherland (1697)The term police refer primarily to agents of the state whose function is the victuals of law and order and the enforcement of regular criminal code. It is clear from the definition that the police force is directly cogitate to the state government. The nature and characteristics of police expresses the nature of the government.Hagan, John (1986)Police has directed at preserving and reproducing trade protection and order by particular means. Kobler (1980) has dramatized how ominous the police use of force can be. This research begins by noting that the police are the representatives of governmental office staff who in the ordinary assembly line of events legally are permitted to use force against citizens.It may beevaluated differently by people with varying social interests, positions and values. Westly found in the course of his res earch that the police regard the public as their enemy, feeling that the implores of their occupation set them in conflict with the community.Police Regulation of Bengal (PRB)Regulation 33(a) of the Police Regulation of Bengal says, No Police force can work successfully unless it wins the respects and good-will of the public and secures its cooperation. All ranks, therefore, term being firm in the execution of their duty, must show forbearance, civility and courtesy towards all classes.Paranjape, N.V.,(2005)But it is unfortunate that in our society police is looked with fear, distrustfulness and distrust by the people. This public apathy towards the police demoralizes them to such an extent that policeman lose trust and are hesitant firm step to violations of law because of apprehension of public criticism. Another potential cause which shatters public confidence on police is the increasing interference of politicians in the working of the police.The political ram and compromis es by the police officials are bound to make them corrupt, dishonest and inefficient. The police as a governmental organization has to serve two masters- one political head and the other departmental head. Politicians often envision police as their tool to meet their selfish ends and therefore oblige police personnel by rewarding them in non-homogeneous ways. The superior-subordinate relationship in police organization is guided by the principle, clear the above and kick the below. Such mentality is the characteristic of authoritarian superiors and their dominance over subordinates.Nurul Huda, designer IGP, (2005)The reality, unfortunately, on ground is different from the legal process in Bangladesh. Before we venture to find out the causes of those behavioral aberrations that micturate a substantial bearing on the crime and order situation, we may refer the deviations that are existing in our countryMisbehavior with sound offants There is a virtual absence of service orien tation and many policemen fail to realize that the complainant at the police lieu is often an aggrieved person much like a patient who goes to the doctor, and any misbehavior with him would be construed as nothing sententious of demonic brutality.Other misbehavior Verbal abuse and ill-treatment while on patrolling duty, harassment of exonerated relatives during tab, roughing up inmates during house search, ill-treatment of traffic violators, unnecessary pushing around during VIP protection and security arrangements cause a great deal of public discontent.Illegal detention Several persons are locomote up supposedly as suspects and detained for longer period in the lock up. There are instances of guiltless persons falling into the clutches of erratic policeman.Custodial craze Perpetration of third degree torture on suspects in police custody is taken as a way out of routine by many policemen Excessive custodial violence has resulted into deaths.Crime and corruption through by police There have been cases in which policemen associating themselves in crimes like rape, robbery, and extortion are on the rise. Although corruption is a malaise that has afflicted our society as a whole, corruption in police has an extremely deleterious implication for their overall image for two important reasons one, being in uniform the corrupt policemen immediately catches public attention and two, since the complainant the police deal with is often a person with a grievance any corrupt demand imposed on him.Ram Ahuja (1996)People who fall in the clutches of the police generally complain of brutal behavior of the police towards them either at the time of arrest during interrogation or while in the police lock-up.Some of the common practices of policemen reportedly are use of abusive language or degrading epithets, compelling suspect / accused / offenders to obey all orders, askingembarrassing questions in the street, carrying out bodily searches on false pretexts and appropr iating offenders bills and belongings (wrist-watch etc.), repeated prodding with thick stick, holding out threats of violence if not obeyed and the actual use of physical force. The use of verbal abuse, insulting behavior, and physical violence on the part of the policemen arouses deep hostility against police.Many accused complain that they were interrogated by the police without fitted evidence of accusation. Those who refuse to confess are often tortured or threatened to torture. A good return of accused persons in the courts that confessions from them were obtained not by the use of physical brutality barely psychological cruelty like holding out a threat to criminally assault the accused persons sister, or daughter, or wife, to arrest his old father or mother, to level additional charges of crimes against him and so forth.Lawrence Sherman (1974)Police corruption means accepting money or moneys worth for doing something that a policeman is under a duty to do or to exertion legitimate discretion for wrong(p) reason.Sherman has talked of three forms of police corruption a) one form of corruption is that in which only a few i sohated policeman accept bribes. b) the second form of corruption is that in which a large number of officers ( refuse and higher ranks) take bribes but they are not joined together to form networks of corruptions. c) the third form of police corruption is pervasive organized corruption. In this type, corruption is organized in a vertical authoritarian fashion.Many citizens are primarily frightened by crime, especially crime involving a choppy violent attack by a stranger. (Wilson & Kelling, 1982).People expect that police will save them from being victim of crime. But in our country many crime victims never call the police for various reasons such as a) dont call up that police can help them i.e., many consider that calling the police make no difference since police can neither capture the offender nor recover stolen shoes b) cause too much inconvenience i.e. fear of harassment by the police c) they are corrupt and would not help the victim without paying bribe to them. (Kashem, 2001).Vadackumchery, James (1997)There exists a feeling among the general public that the police does anything and many things with crime-doers for proving the guilt against them. The police can do so because they get the protection of law to do certain things they fatality to be done. For instance, if a policeman mishandles a crime doer in his custody, he can do so in complete closing off -away from the public visibility. The police have established a tradition.They were involving in folksy arrests, illegal detention, torturing of suspects, concocting of evidence in criminal cases even before the Torture Commission was appointed in 1855. This long existed recital created a tradition in which the people were conditioned to suffer and suffer eternally what the police did with crime-doers .Until deep and even today, people incl uding the educated in society have been feeling that police can informally arrest people and detain them in their custody.. The press is also more vigilant in this matter than it was earlier. Kashem, (2004)In a series of studies Kashem (2000, 2001, 2002) reports that the general public is dissatisfied with the quality of police work. On the average, in the midst of 80 and 85 percent of the citizens of Bangladesh confide that police are not doing good job and rate police work is extremely poor. Another study by Kashem (2002) also found that the level of politeness of police is very low.Sharma (1985)Sharma finds hostility or ruthless criticism of police efficiency and that police cases generally fail because of the lack of public cooperation. The nature of policing in our country is reactive rather than proactive. So it is the citizens of the community, and not the police, who assume the initiating role in much modern police work. (Hagar, 1985). If people dont believe as well as c ooperate police, then how a good policing will be anticipate?James A. Inciardi, (2005)Misconduct by police officers in the forms of illegal activities for economics gain and accepting gratuities, favors, or payment for servicesthat police are sworn to carry out as part of their peacekeeping role. ree or discount meals are available to police officers in many American cities. Police officers have numerous opportunities to direct individuals to persons who can assist them for a profit.Police can also receive fees for referring arrested suspects to liberate bond agents and defense attorney, (Kickbacks). Police officers accepting money from citizens in lieu of enforcing the law,(shakedowns). Involvement of police in predatory criminal activities, either directly or through complicity with criminals,(Planned thievery and robbery). Police have numerous opportunities to pilfer valuable items. Typically involves jewelry and other goods from the scene of a burglary or from a suspect,(Oppo rtunistic theft).2.2. The conceptual Framework of the studyPolice corruptionCauses of police corruption disposition of police corruption pitiful remunerationBribesPowerKickbacks individual(prenominal) gainGratuitiesPovertyShakedowns need of moralityTheft of attribute distort evidence policy-making extortAbuse of powerThe police are a citizens first link with the criminal justice. When a crime occurs, the police are usually the first agents of the state to expire involved. But the police also abuse their power for fulfill illegal desire. They commit various types of corruption, these are bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, theft of property, refutation evidence and shakedowns etc.The police officer do these corruptions for some of the main reason such as low salary, political pressure, personal gain, hoggishness, lack of morality, poverty of availability of braggart(a) money etc.2.3. Theoretical framework of the studyOne prominent sociological approach to understanding police behavio r is based on the premises that police behavior is influenced by the social dynamics of police-citizen encounters. For example, Donald sears sociological theory of law holds that the quantity of law is influenced by the social attributes of concerned parties -victims and suspects, or plaintiff and defendants, as well as the agents of social control themselves. From this theoretical perspective, situational factors (Sherman 1980a) are the cues on which officers form judgments about how incidents should be handled.The key theoretical influences are symbolic internationalism and labeling perspective, which saw policing as an important process in shaping the patter of deviance through the exercise of discretion. (Reiner, Robert 2001). The deviant behavior of police comes to peoples sight when they interact with people. This interaction may occur through newspapers.Organizational explanation ( luscious curtain theory)Organizational explanation have shown that corrupt behavior arise thro ugh the development of an informal structure within the police department, an infrastructure that leave alones an officer with the opportunity to not only break the rules but also a transgression that is encouraged and supported bya sub-cultural code of beliefs. It is a set of informal norms that can be followed by police officers when they encounter an occupational uncertainty.These informal norms may be characterized as code of silence, unquestioned loyalty to other officers, and cynicism about the criminal justice system. The so-called blue curtain of silence the refusal of officers to testify against other officers is one of the major factors protecting and maintaining police corruption.Again, the most important organizational variable is leadership the quality of management and supervision. Corruption flourishes in departments that tolerate it. Individual officers are more likely to succumb if they believe they wont be caught or, if caught, punishment will not be severe impo sed by the organization.Individual officer explanation (rotten-apple theory)Individual explanations accognition that a small number of police officers were responsible for a disproportionate number of acts of police misconduct. This explanation points toward a predisposition on the part of the officer as pivotal, rather than the officer being lured into wrongdoing.Whether a police officer chooses to engage in corrupt behavior has more to do with his or her personal clear from an act than a submissive affinity for the deviant infrastructure. In other words, the corrupt officers consciously exercise discretion to engage in prohibited conduct. In most cases, officers who are engaged in corruption have a previous record of misconduct. scarcely officers having a moral degradation pursue to be lessened.This theory is appealing because it emphasizes the moral failings of one or more individuals, provides convenient scapegoats, and avoids dealing with more onerous issues. It also points in the direction of simple remedy.Psychological approach highlights variations among officers in their behavioral dispositions, variation that is observed by the sociological approach. This perspective directs attention to the outlooks and personality traits that presumably produce different responses to similar situations by different officers.From this theoretical perspective, officers who are themost likely to use force could be expected to (a) consider the police role in narrow terms, limited to crime-fighting and law enforcement, (b) believe that this role is more effectively carried out when officers can use force at their discretion, and (c) regard the citizenry as unappreciative at best and hostile and abusive at worse.Chapter-Three3.1. Research MethodologyMethodology is a system of denotive rules and procedures upon which research is based and against which claims for companionship are evaluated. Methodology contains the overall process of a study. This study shows a p roperty-disposition relationship among the variables. present property means the individual respondents and disposition is the perception of people towards police corruption. This research is mainly primary research. This research is also a quantitative research. Quantitative research is that research which is studied depending on the quantitative selective information.4.2. Field selectionDelduar thana of Tangail district was selected as the field of the study. In this area crime rate is high for the last few years so this area had been selected to collect expected data from the respondents. Some of the major union of this thana had been selected as the field of this research so that these area can represent the thana well.3.3. Population and Sample SelectionThe entire set of relevant units of abstract, or data, is called the population. In this research the selected populations were very much involved with daily life activities and had conception about police activities. Becaus e all of them was victims of police corruption somehow in their life. The sample was selected purposively from the population. answerings who were willing to respond the questions noted in the questionnaire and who hadavailable time to give necessary information. Data were collected from 33 (thirty-three) respondents. Although thirty three (33) respondents is not enough for this study but these respondents expresses the overall situation of the area about this research well. So the sample size was very small (33).3.4. Data Collection Methods and TechniquesSurvey method was used in this research for data collection. Face to face question interview was applied for the collection of data. A questionnaire schedule was obtained with some questions. Then the respondents were asked those questions to answer. The answers given by the respondents were noted in the questionnaire form.3.5. Data Processing and AnalysisThe collected data were coded carefully for analysis. This processing (includ ed coding) was done with the help of Microsoft excel SPSS program through computer. Several levels of statistical analysis are performed in conducting analysis stage. oftenness tables (i.e. oftenness distribution) are made for univariate analysis. Cross table are made for the bivariate analysis.3.6. work Definition of the studyPolice Police refers to state organizations employing professionals who are trained and equipped as specialists in policing who has the authority to enforce and maintain law.Corruption The illegal commission or omission of an act which upon law is called corruption. Corruption is infringement of expectations of norms and rules.Police corruption Herman Goldstein defines police corruption as acts involving the misuse of authority by a police officer in a manner designed to produce personal gain for himself or for others. Police corruption meansthe deviation of police from their expected legal duties.dupe A victim is a person who suffers from something. Here a victim is a person who is ill-used by police for corruption.Chapter-Four4. Research FindingsSelected area for the present research is Delduar Thana of Tangail District. The sample size is very small. However, they have experienced many experiences during the interaction with police. Consequently, they also have a perception of their own about the police. Here the information given by respondents of the study are noted below4.1. Factual Information of the Respondent sUnivariate AnalysisTable-4.1 term of the respondentsAge limit(years) Frequency Percent Cumulative absolute relative frequency 20-25 9 27.27 926-30 7 21.21 1631-35 4 12.12 2036-40 4 12.12 2441-45 6 18.18 3046-50 3 9.09 33 heart 33 one hundred This table-4.1, shows the age of the respondents ranges from 20 to 50 years. Most of the respondents age are less then 36. Maximum, that means 27.27 percent (28.8%) respondents belong in 20-25 (years) age-group. Moreover, the age of the respondents are normally distributed. Bu t the number of having the age more than 46 years is very few.Table-4.2 Years of schooling of the respondentsYears of schooling Frequency Percent05 6 18.1806 2 6.0607 1 3.0308 2 6.0610 7 21.2111 1 3.0312 3 9.0915 5 15.1516 4 12.1217 2 6.06 append 33 carbonTable-4.2 Shows that, the years of schooling of the respondent ranges from 05 to 17 (Primary to Masters). Here years of schooling 5 means Primary, 10 means S.S.C, 12 means H.S.C, 16 means Bachelor Degree and 17 means Masters. The maximum, in presentence is 21.21 percent (21.21%) respondents years of schooling are 10 (S.S.C), 9.090 percent (9.09%) respondents years of school are 12 (H.S.C). Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) respondents years of schooling are 17 (Masters).Table-4.3 Income of the respondentsIncome limit Frequency Cumulative frequency Percent 2000-4500 12 12 36.364501-6000 4 16 12.126001-8500 7 23 21.218501-12000 6 29 18.1812001-14500 2 31 6.0614501-18000 2 33 6.06 gist 33 100From this table we see that income of the respond ents ranges from Tk. 2000 to 16000. About 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondents income between Tk. 2000 to 4500, And then about 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents income between Tk.4501 to 6000, 21.21 percent (21.21%) respondents income between Tk. 6001 to 8500, 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondent income between Tk. 8501 to 12000, 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents incomeTk. 12001 to 18000. So, maximum respondents income limits 2000 to 4500 Tk.Table-4.4 Occupation of the respondentsOccupation Frequency Percent (%) Cumulative frequency Public service 2 6.06% 2 orphic service 5 15.15% 7Business 13 39.39% 20Labor 11 33.33% 31Student 2 6.06% 33 tot 33 100% From the above table-4.4 we see that 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents have public service, 15.15 percent (15.15%) of the respondents are involve in underground service, 39.39 percent (39.39%) of the respondent are businessman, 33.33 percent (33.33%) of the respondents are labor and 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents are student. The highest amount is industrious by the respondents, who are involved with business.Figure-4.1. Knowledge of the respondents about state lawThe figure-4.1 shows that maximum, that mean 51.51 percent (51.51%) of the respondents have less knowledge about state law. 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondents have no knowledge about state law and about 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents have much knowledge about state law.Table-4.5 Knowledge of the respondents about human rightKnowledge level Frequency Cumulative frequency Percent Much 6 6 18.18Less 13 19 39.39Not at all 14 33 42.42 add 33 100Figure-4.2. knowledge of the respondents about human rightThe above table-4.5 and figure-4.2 show that, 42.42 percent (42.42%) of the respondents have no knowledge about human right. 39.39 percent (39.39%) ofthe respondents have less knowledge about human right. 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondents have much knowledge human right.Figure-4.3. Knowledge of t he respondent about police lawThe figure-4.3 shows that maximum that mean 60.60 percent (60.60%) of the respondents have no knowledge about police law. 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondents have less knowledge about the police law and only 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents have high knowledge about police law.Table-4.6 Attitude of the respondent towards police.Attitude Frequency Percent Cumulative frequency goodly 4 12.12 4Bad 23 69.69 27No idea 6 18.18 33Total 33 100 Figure-4.4. Attitude of the respondent towards police.The table-4.6 and figure-4.4, show that the attitudes of the maximum, that mean 69.69 percent (69.69%) of the respondents towards police are bad. Only 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents attitudes towards police are good and 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondents have no idea.Table-4.7 call up of the respondents about police are corrupted. Police are corrupted Frequency Cumulative frequency Percent Yes 31 31 93.93No 2 33 6.06Total 33 100Figure -4.5. consider of the respondents about police are corruptedThe table-4.7 and figure-4.5 show that 93.93 percent (93.93%) of the respondents believe that police are corrupted. That means maximum respondents believe that police are corrupted. Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents not believe that police are corrupted.Table-4.8 cladding corruption of police by the respondents at police ship. face up corruption Frequency Percent Cumulative frequency Yes 31 93.939 33No 2 6.060 33Total 33 100.00 Figure-4.6. Facing corruption of police by the respondents at police directThe above table-4.8 and figure-4.6 show that maximum respondents go about corruption of police at police space in character 93.93 percent (93.93%) of the respondents set about corruption of police at police station. Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents are not faced corruption of police at police station.Table-4.9 Nature of corruption faced outside of the police station Nature of corruption Frequency Cumulative frequency Percent Gratuities 3 3 9.090Bribes 22 25 66.666Theft of property 1 26 3.030 falsifying evidence 4 30 12.121Kickbacks 2 32 6.060Shakedowns 1 33 3.030Total 33 100.00Figure-4.7. Nature of police corruption outside of the police stationThe table-4.9 and figure-4.7 show that maximum respondents faced bribes as a police corruption in percentage 66.66 percent (66.66%) of the respondents faced bribes as a police corruption. About 9.09 percent (9.09%) of the respondents faced gratuities as a police corruption.And about 3.03 percent (3.03%) of the respondents faced, theft of property and shakedowns as police corruption. 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents faced Falsifying evidence as a police corruption and 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents faced kickbacks as police corruption.Figure-4.8. Causes of producing corruption by police outside of the policestation The figure-4.8 shows that, in maximum time low salary is the main causes of police corruption. In perce ntage 39.39 percent (39.39%) respondents tell that low salary is the main cause of police corruption. 6.060 percent (6.06%) said lack of morality is a cause of police corruption.9.09 percent (9.09%) of respondents said power of the police is a cause of police corruption. 3.03 percent (3.03%) of the respondents said greediness is a cause of police corruption. 18.18 percent (18.18%) said personal gain is a cause of police corruption. And about 24.2 percent (24.24%) said political pressure is the another main cause of police corruption.Table-4.10 Nature of corruption faced at police station.Nature of police corruption Frequency Percent (%)Gratuities 02 06.06%Bribes 18 54.55%Theft of property 03 09.09%Falsifying evidence 04 12.12%Kickbacks 03 09.09%Shakedowns 03 09.09%Total 33 100%The table-4.10 shows that maximum respondents faced bribes as a police corruption in percentage 54.55% respondents faced bribes as a police corruption. About 09.09% respondents faced theft of property, kickba cks and shakedown as police corruption at police station separately 12.12% respondents faced falsifying evidence as a police corruption. And about 06.06% respondents faced gratuities, as police corruption at police station and it is minimum percentage of police corruption faced by respondents at police station.Table-4.11 Causes of producing corruption by police at police station.Causes of police corruption Frequency Percent (%) clinical depression salary 21 63.64%Lack of morality 02 06.06%power 03 09.09%greediness 01 03.03%Personal gain 04 12.12%Political p pretentious pressure 02 06.06%Total 33 100.00%The table-4.11 shows that, in maximum times police are corrupted for their lower salary. About 63.64 percent (63.64%) police corruptions are occurred at police station for low salary of the police personnel in our country. On the other hand minimum police corruption is occurred at the police station for the greediness of the police in percentage is 03.03%. For lack of morality and p olitical party pressure is 06.06%. for personal gain is 12.12% and for polices power is 09.09% police corruptions are occurred at police station.Table-4.12 Facing police corruption aft(prenominal) arrestFaced corruption Frequency Percent (%)Yes 23 92.00%No 02 08.00%Total 25 100.00%This table-4.12 shows that maximum respondents faced corruption of police after being arrested by police in percentage 92% respondents faced corruption of police after arrest. Only 8% respondents are not faced corruption of police after arrest.Table-4.13 Nature of corruption faced after arrest by the respondentsNature Frequency Percent (%)Gratuities 01 04.35%Bribes 13 56.52%Theft of property 02 08.70%Falsifying evidence 03 13.04%Kickbacks 02 08.70%Shakedowns 02 08.70%Total 23 100.00%This table-4.13 shows that maximum respondents faced bribes as a police corruption after arrest in percentage 56.52% respondents faced bribes as a police corruption after being arrested. About 13.04% respondents faced falsifyi ng evidence, 04.35% respondents faced gratuities and 08.70% faced theft of property, kickbacks and shakedowns, as a police corruption arrest. So minimum respondents faced gratuities as police corruption and in percentage is 04.35%.Table-4.14 Causes of police corruption after arrestCauses Frequency Percent (%)Low salary 14 60.86%Lack of morality 01 04.35%Power 02 08.70%Greediness 01 04.35%Personal gain 03 13.04%Political party pressure 02 08.70%Total 23 100.00%The table-4.14 shows that, maximum police corruptions at police station are produced by the police personnel for their lower salary and in percentage 60.86%. On the other hand the lowest police corruption is produced for lack of morality and greediness of the police. 13.04 percent (13.04%) police corruption is occurred for personal gain and power, political party pressure is responsible for 08.70% police corruption after arrest.Bivariate AnalysisCross TableCross table-1 Nature of corruption faced outside of the police station vs. Causes of producing corruption by police outside of police station Outside of the police station Causes of producing corruption by police outside of police station Total Low salary Lack of morality power greediness Personal gain Political party pressure Natureof corruption faced outside of the police station Gratuities 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% 01, 3.03% 03, 9.09% Bribes 08, 24.24% 01, 3.03% 02, 6.06% 00, 0% 05,15.15% 06, 18.18% 22, 66.66% Theft of property 00, 0% 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% Falsifying evidence 02, 6.06% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% 04, 12.12% Kickbacks 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 02, 6.06% Shakedowns 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 0, 0% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% Total 13, 39.39% 02, 6.06% 03, 9.09% 01, 3.03% 06,18.18% 08, 24.24% 33, 100%This cross table-1 shows that maximum respondents were faced bribes as a police corruption outside of the police station, in these cases the low salary was main r eason for the police corruption. In percentage it is 24.24% Cross table-2 Nature of corruption faced at the police station vs. Causes of producing corruption by police at police station Outside of the police station Causes of producing corruption by police at police station Total Low salary Lack of morality power greedinessPersonal gain Political party pressure Nature of corruption faced at the police station Bribes 14, 42.42% 00, 0% 02, 06.06% 00, 0% 02, 06.06% 00, 0% 18, 54.55% Gratuities 01, 03.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 01, 03.03% 00,0% 00, 0% 2, 06.06% Theft of property 02, 06.06% 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 03, 09.09% Falsifying evidence 02, 6.06% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% 04, 12.12% Kickbacks 01, 3.03% 01, 03.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 01, 03.03% 03, 09.09% Shakedowns 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 02, 06.06% 00, 0% 03, 09.09% Total 21, 39.39% 02, 6.06% 03, 09.09% 01, 03.03% 04,18.18% 02, 24.24% 33, 100%This cross table-2 shows that maximum respondents w ere corrupted by the police at the police station for taking bribes from them and the low salary is the main reason for being corrupted of the respondents by the police atpolice station and in percentage it is 42.42%. So at police station the main nature of police corruption is bribe and it is more than outside of the station.Cross table-3 Facing corruption of police after arrest vs. causes of producing corruption by police after arrest.After arrest Causes of police corruption after arrest Total Low salary Lack of morality power greediness Personal gain Political party pressure Facing corruption of police after arrest Yes 14, 60.86% 01, 04.35% 02, 08.70% 01, 04.35% 03, 13.04% 02, 08.70% 23, 100% No 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% Total 14, 60.86% 01, 04.35% 02, 08.70% 01, 04.35% 03, 13.04% 02, 08.70% 23, 100%This cross table shows that maximum respondents were faced police corruption after arrest for the low salary of the police. About 60.86 percent (60.86%) resp ondents were being corrupted by the police after arrest for sol salary.Chapter-Five5. Case studies5.1. Case study 01Khokon was a student of Pathrail M.L. High School, Delduar, Tangail. He did court marriage a Hindu girls. He was a infant of a middle class family and the girl was a child of a high class Hindu family. The girl was willing for the court marriage but the girls family wasnt agreed of the marriage. They make a false case of women kidnapping in Delduar Thana and Khokon were responsible for kidnapping their girl. He was made the main criminal for the kidnappimg.One day the police caught Khokon from his house with the girl. They return the girl to her parents after taking a large sum of bribe from the girls family and brought Khokon to Thana. They tortured him very much and after some days the case was dismissed without prosecution in the court.They also demanded and took bribes from Khokons family. I took this cases because, I come back this cases is a better example of p olice corruption. The causes of police corruption according to this case is low or small salary,greediness, power of police etc.5.2. Case study 02Mohammad Roton, nick nake Roton 32 years old, is a businessman. He was also a political person. One day he was going to main township for his occupational necessity with the help of his motor-bike. On way, he was stopped by police and asked for his driving authorize as well as the license of his motor-bike. But at that moment the license of his bike was not with him, though he has no driving license at all. For this he was quite unable to show his licenses.The police demanded money as bribe to Mohammad Roton, instead of booking a case against him. The police officer showed fear to him that if he didnt pay the money demanded, he would be harassed. For this he was bound to give money instead of going through a legal process. He also has enough bad moneyFrom this case, we see that denying law and having bad money increase the opportunity of police corruption.Chapter-Six6. Summary and think Remarks6.1 SummaryThe police are a citizens first link with the criminal justice. But the police abuse their power for fulfill illegal desire. This research finds out the nature of police corruption and the causes of police corruption. General peoples perception towards police is not good.Most of the people believe that police are corrupted. Police exhibit some common types of corruption, these are bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, theft of property, falsifying evidence, shakedowns and physical torture. The police officer do corruption because of low salary, political pressure, for personal gain, lack of morality, greediness, availability of bad money and their types of job or power of police. 6.2. Concluding RemarksThough purposive sampling has been used in this research from some of the homogenous cases. So, I think this research find out the nature and causes of Bangladesh police. Most of the general people of our country think tha tthe police of Bangladesh are corrupted. Bangladesh police is the high corrupted department of Bangladesh government. Bangladesh police are providing low salary and they are not morally strong. Bangladesh police has also political arty pressures, poverty of police personnel mainly who are lower in rank.These inspire them to do corruption. The job nature and power is also a reason for police corruption we see in the study. Police officer mostly takes bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, do physical torture for bribes. This research shows that most police personnel corrupted for taking bribes, physical tortures, falsifying evidences, theft for the suspect, proving information etc. people keep bad idea on police, they think that police are not good person. So to prevent police corruption these reasons have to be removed.The salary of the police personnel have to be increased enough, they have to provide moral education so they do their duties honestly. Public perception on police have to ch ange from bad to good by the police person doing well behave with them.1.5. Limitations of the studyThis research has many problems and limitations, such asI. The hypothesis and some other test such as chai-test, correlation are not shown here. II. In this research purposive sampling has been used so the other populations opinion was avoided and the sample size was small. III. Sufficient data cant be found because of want of some other technical method. IV. More questions should be used to collect more effective data about this research topic but the questions were less than needed.6.3. BibliographyAhuja, Ram, (1996) Sociological Criminology. New Age International (P) Limited, India. Bohm, Robert M. and Haley, Keith N. (2002) macrocosm to Criminal Justice, third edition. Glencoe McGraw-Hill.Frankfort-Nachmias, Chava and Nachmias, David (1997) Research Methods in the Social Sciences, Fifth edition, St. Martins Press, lnc., New York. Haque, ANM Nurul. The Ferocity of the Police, In T he Daily Star.3rd July, 2006 Hughes, Michael and Kroehler, Carolyn J.(2000) Sociology,6th edition,McGraw-Hill companies, Inc., New York. Huda, Mohammad Nurul. Controlling Crime and All That. In The Daily Star- 29th July,2006.Kashem, Mohammad B.(2002) Preventing Crime Police and Crime Control in Bangladesh. Khasrul Alam Quddusi, Kazi SM, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Chittagong. Use of Hartal and Police, In The Daily Star,9th JuIy,2006. Malek, Adam. Police Remand. In The Daily Jugantar, 4th January, 2006. Paranjape, N.V., (2005) Criminology and Penology.Central Law Publication, Allahabad-2, India. Pearson, Judy Nelson, Paul Tetsworth, Scott and Harter, Lynn, (2004) Human Communication. McGraw-Hill Companies, New York. Police Activities A Study on Three Police Stations, (2004) Transparency International Bangladesh. Putwain, David and Sammons, Aidan (2002) Psychology and Crime. Taylor and Francis Group. Quinney, Richard(1979)Criminology. Little , Brown and Company (Canada) Limited.Reiner, Robert (2001) Introduction what Is Police Research? In Doing Research in Crime and Criminal Justice. Sanders, William B., (1983) In Criminology, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Schaefer, Richard T., (2004) Sociology A Brief Introduction, Fifth edition, McGraw Hill Companies, New York. Stotland, Ezra and Berberich, John. (1979) The Psychology of the Police.In Psychology of Crime and Criminal Justice. universal Declaration of Human Rights. In United Nations Civilian Hand book. (1995) United Nations Department of Peace-keeping operation. Vadackumchery, James (1997) Indian Police and Miscarriage of Justice. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. New Delhi. Wilson, James Q. & Kelling, George L. (1982) Broken Windows. In Atlantic Monthly. In urban Society, 11th edition. McGraw-Hill company. Worden, Robert E. (2001) The causes of Police Brutality Theory and Evidence on Police Use of Force.Mawalana Bhashani Science and engineering science UniversityD epartment of Criminology and Police Science.Survey Questionnaire(All the below information only will be used for research purpose. A respondent can answer the following question without any fear or hesitation)1. Age(Specific)2. Gender(1) Male (2) Female3. Marital status(1) Married, (2) Unmarried, (3) Widow.4. Years of Schooling(Specific)5. What is your occupation?(1) Public service, (2) Private Service, (3) Business, (4) Labor.6. What is your income?(Specific)7. How much knowledge you have about the State Law?(1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all.8. How much knowledge you have about the Police Law?(1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all.9. How much knowledge you have about the Human Right?(1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all.10. What is your attitude towards police?(1) Good, (2) Bad, (3) No idea.11. Are you believed Police are corrupted?(1) Yes, (2) No.12. If yes, why?Ans.13. Have you ever been to police station in order to any service? (1) Yes, (2 ) No.14. If yes, why?Ans.15. If yes, did you face any problem at police station?(1) Yes, (2) No.16. If yes, what types of problem did you face?(1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) 17. Have you meet with police for any cause?(1) Yes, (2) No.18. If yes why?Ans.19. If yes, did you face any problem?(1) Yes, (2) No.20. If yes, what types of problem did you face?(1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) 21. Why did police produce that problem according to your view?22. Had you ever been arrested by police?(1) Yes, (2) No.23. If yes, why?Ans.24. If yes, did you face any problem after arrest?(1) Yes, (2) No.25. If yes, what types of problem did you face?(1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7)

Emerson and Individualism

why do some humans succumb to peer pressure and so desperately neediness to be a part of the popular crowd? Clearly, those who apply such behavior to their daily lives lose their sentience of self-being and mold to the ideas, behaviors, and spirits of the masses. Although some people still conform, a large movement towards the Individual has begun to make an appearance.The happy beings of our society appear to think for themselves as well as participate in their own beliefs. This support of our modern society today reflects the philosophy of Emerson various(prenominal)ism. We decide our own fate based on our individual actions and decisions. By non conforming to the Ideas of others. Each person can reach their fullest potential happiness and run to society at a higher level. At one point in my high take aim c atomic number 18er, I did eitherthing and everything to fit In with the popular girls of my class.Every day, I worried that they would not like my outfit or that I wou ld say something stupid. I constantly felt as If I were walking in a room full of broken glass, trying to avoid sharp shards with every step I took. It was not until this year that I realized what a folly I had participated in these last two old age when a group of girls at my lunch table said nasty things about one of their friends when she leave the table. At this point on, I decided I would find new friends.I didnt choose friends In any particular formed group, further those who I enjoyed spending time around. This action granted me the power to be an individual. I fear no judgment of my beliefs nor my opinions and when I participate In any event, gossip, or beliefs, they are on my own accord, not to impress anyone, but to fulfill my peppiness of which I can only fulfill by being myself, an Individual. Another place to be an individual today is In ones college applications. Upon visit Princeton and several other schools of highly sought after education.I came home with the co mpanionship that the admission offices at these schools want to see a personality of each Individual and see this personality reflected in ones activity choices end-to-end ones high school career. When applying too highly ranked school, it is necessary in todays day and age to arrest individualism Into ones fife so one can stand out in their applications and have success in admittance so one can pursue the lifestyle of ones beliefs and hopes and use the education received to post what one Is capable of to society.Lastly, the interests and choice of daily actions of ones life creates an individual. In centuries past, one who found Interest and had knowledge on topics unknown to all were shunned. Today, people seek out uncommon hobbies and interests to forget a to a greater extent Interesting life than their friends, their coworkers, or next-door neighbors. Some choose to skydive while others dive into a knowledge base of romantic historic foreign films. I myself find a great Int erest In the heathenish histories of other nations as well as 1 OFF a love tort funny toots such as sushi , liver pate, and escargot.Each person who can call ones self an individual today has interests and participates in activities that define who he or she is. Emerson philosophy that focused upon the individual is present in our modern world. more people have come to adopt this philosophy and apply it to their lifestyles. No longer does the common opinion influence and affect a majority of the masses. Will the increase in the use of technology lead to the loss of individualism in the future years to come?

John Locke on Property Essay

Natural tenability suggests that human beings have the correctly to preserve themselves the mo manpowert they argon born. An somebody outhouse utilize everything that he sees around him to preserve himself. He tummy drink if he is thirsty he can eat if he is hungry. Nature, which God gave to the world, is the individuals source of materials for his preservation. Locke accent that the world was prone to the whole humanity by God. This, for Locke, is nothing but common knowledge (Locke 11). Locke questions how an individual can actu in tout ensembley take in a thing.He finds it difficult to understand why, when God has given the orb to His children, men would search for things on earth and label it as their have got. Since it is difficult to find a set about of the Earth which an individual can own and c totally it his dimension, then the only easy counsel to solve this dilemma is to have the world owned by a universal monarch. This, then, would only be possible upon the b elief that Adam owns the world beca do god gave it to him. As Adam has the world, it also means that his heirs own the world, too (Locke 11).Since this clearly is not the case in nows world and in todays society, Locke promises that he will explain how an individual claim a part of what God has given dobriny, and that, with no single express compact of all people (Locke 11). As God has given mankind a whole world, it also means that along with this, He has given mankind a reason to use this world to their convenience and best advantage. The world are has everything that a man motifs to survive. It has air, water, sustenance and shelter.It contains that things that an individual needs to live a comfortable life. whatever is found in this world all help in supporting the life of an individual (Locke 13). Although the food found on earth, including the animals or the predators that nutrition on them, are all qualified as properties of mankind (since nature produces all them), the fact only that they are included as part of the earth means that even the predators are incumbent for the endurance of mankind even when these brutes harm the quality of nutriment of an individual.There will al expressive styles be a way for a man to know how a harmful beast may help him. Whatever way this is, he has yet to figure out, but the fact remains that a harmful beast is indeed beneficial since it is a part of the world that God gave him (Locke 14). For Locke, the meat and the fruit which an individual feeds on are both considered occupants of the earth. No other individual will have the reclaim to own that fact meat or particular fruit before it can support his life. No one has a in force(p) to something if the benefits are yet undiscovered (Ishay 116).The earth is indeed common to all the people living in it to all its occupants. Then again, each individual has a property of his own. He is the only psyche who can practice his proper(a)s on that certain thing since he is the only individual owning it. His hands do the working. His body does the laboring. Because of all these, whatever he produces rightfully becomes his property. Whatever thing nature has provided, which he, in turn, takes onward from the state, becomes his property, as soon as he mixes his labor with it.Whatever it is that he takes away from the state which was fit(p) there because of nature eliminates the right of other men, as long as he was able to own it through his hardships and labor (Ishay 116). moil is indeed an important factor in this case, since labor is something that mankind cannot question. Labor is the unquestionable property of the man who is laboring. The man laboring is the only man who has the right to his products (Ishay 116). Whoever is being back up and benefited by the fruits of his labor has definitely appropriated these fruits for him.The question of Locke now, is when exactly did this fruit became his own? If, for example, an individual har vests the apple that came from the tree he himself planted, when exactly did he own the apple? Was it from the time when he digested the apple, since it is believed that as he is cater by the fruit of his labor, he can start calling this his own? Or was it from the time when he picked the apples from the tree (Ishay 117)? What marks the difference between the common man and himself is labor. Labor defines what nature cannot.If an individual makes use of what nature has given him, and he, in turn, starts to benefit from it, then he owns the fruit. The man is able to own things as he extends what a nature can do to support his life. Here is where the concept of private right comes in (Ishay 118). Another dilemma is realized from this perspective, since will one not have a right to that apple which he appropriated for himself if mankind did not allow him to? Does he need the consent of other men to make the apple his property?Would this be considered robbery, since whatever is found on this earth is a property of all men (Boaz 123)? Then again, washbasin Locke argued that consent from other men is not even necessary in the first dumbfound. If an individual always waits for a go-signal from other men so that he can start owning and eating an apple, then he will end up being starved. What is common in mankind, or common in commoners, is the act of taking something away from this world to make it his property. Nature leaves something in the state, and commoners remove it out from there.As an individual removes it from the state, it starts to be his property. Without such property, then the individual will be of no use to the world. Taking something which an individual may consider his property is not dependent on whether or not commoners will allow him to (Boaz 123). The grass is in the lands to be eaten by a horse. A servant sees a turf which he may cut. All people can see ores, and all of them have right to the meat. An individual can do everything that he can , and thus exhibit acts of labor, to produce something that can benefit him.As a product of his labor, his prize is to own it as its property. He does not need to consult other men more so, need their consent. The moment an individual removes something from the state is already a manifestation of a labor being enacted. There is a struggle, a difficulty, and an action taking place as an individual takes something away from the state. From this point exactly, an individual owns a thing (Boaz 123). John Lockes main argument when he said that property is prior to the political state he was referring to the police of reason.This law is what makes the deer a proper of an Indian, only if this Indian went his way into killing the deer. Once he exerted enterprise and enacted labor into killing the deer, then he has every right to eat the deer. The deer used to be a property of the world, and of everyone. Killing it is also a right of every person. Then again, whoever has the reason to go f irst and bestow his energy, labor and power to kill the deer, is the same person who owns the meat. Reason is what defines a persons property, according to John Locke.Whatever it is that is found in this earth is a property of everyone, and everyone has the right to owning it. Then, again, labor, when fueled with reason, is what makes and what allows a person to own something and start calling it his property (Boaz 124). For John Locke, it is effortless to retrieve and think how labor can start and prescribe a persons property, considering the fact and the supposed(a) challenge that may be faced since this property used to be a property of all mankind, and this property of mankind is coming from nature the nature itself being an entity that belongs to everyone.The limits of a property are specify by how we spend it. For John Locke, arguments and conflicts regarding property and owndership may be eliminated if we see things his way (Boaz 125). Through John Lockes view in property , he suggests that convenience and right go along together. He has his right which is his reason enough to employ his labor on a property common to mankind. Once he goes through challenges to own it to his convenience, then there should be no room left for conflict and quarrel.Whoever went his way to experience challenges just to reap what he saw, has every right to own the fruits of his labor (Boaz 126). Works Cited Boaz, David. The Libertarian lecturer Classic and Contemporary Readings from Lao-tzu to Milton Friedman. Free Press, 1998. Ishay, Micheline. The Human Rights Reader Major Political Essays, Speeches, and Documents from Ancient Times to the Present. CRC Press, 2007. Locke, John. twain Treatises of Government. Kessinger Publishing, 2004.